瑞典在循环电子领域面临落后风险
瑞典电子行业协会 Svensk Elektronik 秘书长 Elisabet Österlund 表示，瑞典电子行业在循环性方面存在雄心与行动之间的差距。该表态指出，行业在循环电子目标与实际推进之间存在落差，可能使瑞典在该领域落后。
原文深度解读
本文围绕瑞典电子行业在循环电子（circular electronics）方面的进展展开，核心主体是瑞典电子行业协会 Svensk Elektronik 及其秘书长 Elisabet Österlund。文章指出瑞典虽有较强电子产业和回收运营商，但在循环战略落地方面存在“雄心与执行之间的差距”，而邻国芬兰和挪威正在推进。Svensk Elektronik 主导了 2025 年 12 月启动、为期三年、由瑞典能源署联合资助、林雪平大学等五个合作伙伴参与的 ReLoop Electronics 项目。文章提到电子废弃物从欧洲运往非洲等地、循环性涉及关键原材料与竞争力、瑞典 2020 年国家循环经济战略未将电子列为优先领域，并列出产品设计、价值回收系统、可追溯性和盈利能力四大障碍。与电子元器件供应链的关系在于：元器件的可拆解设计、再利用、材料成分追溯和数字产品护照等，直接影响元器件回收、再利用和关键原材料获取的供应链韧性。
- Svensk Elektronik 秘书长 Elisabet Österlund 表示，瑞典在循环电子方面“雄心高但执行尚未到位”，存在雄心水平与实际落地之间的差距；这一判断与芬兰、挪威推进循环战略形成对照。
- ReLoop Electronics 是 2025 年 12 月启动的三年项目，由 Svensk Elektronik 主导，瑞典能源署联合资助，林雪平大学及另外五个合作伙伴参与，目标是推动瑞典电子行业向更循环、资源高效和更具竞争力的方向转型。
- Österlund 指出，电子行业曾以钢铁行业排放更高为由而有所松懈，但随着 AI 快速发展，电子行业排放将超过钢铁行业，并称“我们将变成一个黑洞”。
- 文章称欧洲向非洲运送大量电子废料，加纳 Agbogbloshie、肯尼亚 Dandora、尼日利亚拉各斯 Olusosun、菲律宾马尼拉湾和中国贵屿是知名电子废料热点；撒哈拉以南非洲研究指出非正规电子废料处理点附近人员面临神经损伤、癌症风险升高以及铅和镉水平危险偏高等健康风险。
- Österlund 认为，当获取元器件和关键原材料成为战略问题（且已经是战略问题）时，循环性也成为竞争力和韧性问题；瑞典若要在数字化和电气化方面领先，有理由建立更循环的流程。
- 芬兰长期将循环经济思维嵌入国家产业政策，2026 年 6 月 Business Finland 在 IPCEI CAM 下开放循环经济和先进材料专项征集；挪威将可持续产品和价值链立法列为主要工具，其循环经济行动计划包含电气和电子设备专节；瑞典自 2020 年有国家循环经济战略，但电子不在优先领域，仅在关键金属部分被提及，电池系统和小型电子押金方案被列为可能措施。
供应链影响
- 如果瑞典电子行业在循环电子方面执行不足，而芬兰和挪威继续推进政策和资金支持，瑞典在元器件再利用、材料回收和循环供应链方面的相对位置可能受到影响，具体取决于后续政策工具和项目落地情况。
- 产品设计若继续以封装、粘合或模塑为主，元器件拆解和再利用难度可能维持较高水平，从而可能限制电子元器件从废弃产品回流至供应链的规模。
- 缺乏在原材料含量之外捕获元器件全部价值的系统，可能使可再利用元器件更多进入金属回收路径，而非更高层级的再利用路径；这一影响取决于返还系统和再利用市场是否建立。
- 可追溯性不足可能使买家难以确认元器件的年龄、状况和材料成分，从而可能抑制再利用元器件的采购需求；欧盟计划中的数字产品护照可能成为改善这一环节的因素之一。
- 若循环性无法为买家创造真实需求激励，相关商业模式可能难以商业可行，进而可能影响循环电子供应链的投资和规模化；这取决于需求信号和盈利能力是否改善。
系统解读，仅作为判断线索，不构成备货、出货、涨价或投资建议。
瑞典在循环电子方面面临落后风险
瑞典拥有强大的电子产业和多家成熟的回收运营商——但随着邻国芬兰和挪威推进其循环战略，问题在于瑞典是否跟得上。
“瑞典给人的印象是雄心很高、想要走在前列，但我们还没有完全实现落地。雄心水平与实际做成之间存在差距，”Österlund 说。
Svensk Elektronik 正在主导 ReLoop Electronics，这是一个于 2025 年 12 月启动、为期三年的项目，由瑞典能源署联合资助，林雪平大学和另外五个合作伙伴参与。该项目旨在推动瑞典电子行业向更循环、资源高效和更具竞争力的方向转型。
“电子行业有些退缩，说钢铁行业的排放更大。但随着 AI 的快速发展，电子行业将超过它们。我们将干脆变成一个黑洞，”Österlund 说。
电子废料离开欧洲
当被问及为什么循环性对电子行业重要时，Österlund 的出发点是正在被运出欧洲的电子废弃物。
“我认为我们在欧洲把大量电子废料运往非洲，这很糟糕。如果我们能再利用它，我们会在欧洲创造多得多的就业机会，”她说。
目的地有充分记录。加纳的 Agbogbloshie 和肯尼亚的 Dandora 是世界上最臭名昭著的电子废料场之一。在 Agbogbloshie，电子产品被焚烧以提取有价值的金属。在尼日利亚，拉各斯的 Olusosun 是另一个知名场地，拾荒者在那里寻找材料转售。关于撒哈拉以南非洲电子废料的研究指出，在非正规电子废料处理点附近工作的人面临重大健康风险，包括神经损伤、癌症风险升高以及铅和镉水平危险偏高。问题不仅限于非洲——菲律宾马尼拉湾和中国贵屿也是知名的电子废料热点。
循环性作为竞争优势
除了环境和健康维度，循环性也是成本和竞争力问题。电子产品含有可再利用、修复或回收的金属、矿物和元器件——而对关键原材料的依赖已从环境问题转变为地缘政治问题。
“当获取元器件和关键原材料成为战略问题——而且它已经是战略问题——那么循环性也就成为竞争力和韧性问题，”Österlund 说。
Österlund 表示，对于旨在走在数字化和电气化前沿的瑞典电子行业来说，因此有充分理由建立更循环的流程。
然而，瑞典并不一定会引领方向。
芬兰和挪威领先
芬兰长期以来将循环经济思维嵌入国家产业政策，其资助体系和创新项目将循环性与材料效率及新商业模式联系起来。就在 2026 年 6 月，Business Finland 在 IPCEI CAM 下开放了一个针对循环经济和先进材料项目的专项征集。
“在芬兰，用于落地的资金更多，他们总体上更擅长——或者至少更明确。这就是瑞典现在需要达到的，”Österlund 说。
挪威同样将关于可持续产品和价值链的立法确定为其推动转型的主要工具之一。挪威政府的循环经济行动计划包含一个关于电气和电子设备的专节。
瑞典自 2020 年起就有国家循环经济战略，但电子在优先领域中并未占有一席之地。该战略反而聚焦于塑料、纺织品、食品、建筑行业以及创新关键金属和矿物。电子在关键金属部分被提及——电池系统和小型电子押金方案被列为可能措施。
“瑞典还需要更适当的政策工具。我还不能确切知道我们是否应该效仿芬兰、丹麦还是挪威模式。但我们可以确定，瑞典至少需要审视这一点，”Österlund 说。
循环电子行业的四大障碍
通过 ReLoop Electronics，产业界和学术界正在梳理障碍并塑造共同的前进道路。Svensk Elektronik 已识别出四个关键挑战。
第一个是产品设计。当今许多电子产品被封装、粘合或模塑以承受潮湿和振动——使元器件难以拆解和再利用。“产品需要为循环性而设计。并且设计成可拆解——或许由机器人拆解，”Österlund 说。
第二个是缺乏在原材料含量之外捕获元器件全部价值的系统。金属回收的返还系统存在，但在更高层级再利用元器件和材料的系统——挪威在这方面进展更多——基本上缺失。
第三个是可追溯性。元器件要被再利用，买家需要知道其年龄、状况和材料成分——这些信息今天往往无法获得。欧盟计划中的数字产品护照被视为这一拼图的重要一块。
第四个是盈利能力。循环性不能只是成本问题——它必须为买家创造真实激励，使其需求循环产品。没有这种需求信号，商业模式就无法变得商业可行。
ReLoop Electronics 目前正在进行的现状分析正是在梳理这些挑战——从产品设计和可追溯性到返还系统和明确政策工具的缺失。目标是了解瑞典电子行业今天实际处于什么位置，并在此基础上制定具体指南和路线图，使向更循环生产的转型获得真正动力。
结果和项目的下一步将由 Svensk Elektronik 秘书长 Elisabet Österlund 于 9 月 17 日在哥德堡 Evertiq Expo 上介绍。
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Sweden has a strong electronics sector and several established recycling operators – but as neighbouring Finland and Norway advance their circular strategies, the question is whether Sweden is keeping pace.
"Sweden comes across as having high ambitions and wanting to be at the forefront, but we haven't quite managed the implementation yet. There's a gap between the ambition level and actually making it happen," says Österlund.
Svensk Elektronik is leading ReLoop Electronics, a three-year project initiated in December 2025 and co-funded by the Swedish Energy Agency, with Linköping University and five other partners. The project aims to drive the transition toward a more circular, resource-efficient and competitive Swedish electronics industry.
"The electronics industry has somewhat leaned back and said that emissions are greater in the steel industry. But with the rapid development of AI, electronics will overtake them. We will simply become a black hole," says Österlund.
E-waste leaving Europe
When asked why circularity matters for the electronics industry, Österlund's starting point is the electronic waste being shipped out of Europe.
"I think it's terrible that we in Europe are sending huge amounts of electronic scrap to Africa. If we could reuse it, we would create far more jobs here in Europe," she says.
The destinations are well documented. Agbogbloshie in Ghana and Dandora in Kenya are among the world's most notorious e-waste sites. In Agbogbloshie, electronics have been burned to extract valuable metals. In Nigeria, Olusosun in Lagos is another well-known site where scrap pickers search for materials to sell on. Research on e-waste in sub-Saharan Africa points to significant health risks for people working near informal e-waste handling sites, including neurological damage, elevated cancer risk and dangerously high levels of lead and cadmium. The problem is not limited to Africa – Manila Bay in the Philippines and Guiyu in China are also known e-waste hotspots.
Circularity as competitive advantage
Beyond the environmental and health dimensions, circularity is also a cost and competitiveness issue. Electronics contain metals, minerals and components that can be reused, repaired or recycled – and dependence on critical raw materials has shifted from an environmental question to a geopolitical one.
"When access to components and critical raw materials becomes a strategic issue – and it already is – then circularity also becomes a question of competitiveness and resilience," says Österlund.
For a Swedish electronics industry aiming to be at the forefront of digitalisation and electrification, there are therefore compelling reasons to establish more circular flows, according to Österlund.
Yet, it is not a given that Sweden will lead the way.
Finland and Norway are ahead
Finland has long embedded circular economy thinking into national industrial policy, with funding systems and innovation programmes linking circularity to material efficiency and new business models. As recently as June 2026, Business Finland opened a dedicated call under IPCEI CAM for projects in circular economy and advanced materials.
"In Finland, there is more funding for implementation, and they are generally a bit better at it – or at least clearer about it. That's what we need to get to in Sweden now," says Österlund.
Norway similarly identifies legislation on sustainable products and value chains as one of its primary tools for driving the transition. The Norwegian government's circular economy action plan includes a dedicated section on electrical and electronic equipment.
Sweden has had a national circular economy strategy since 2020, but electronics does not have its own place among the prioritised areas. The strategy focuses instead on plastics, textiles, food, the construction sector and innovation-critical metals and minerals. Electronics is touched on in the section on critical metals — with battery systems and deposit schemes for small electronics mentioned as possible measures.
"Sweden also needs more adequate policy instruments. I don't yet know exactly whether we should follow the Finnish, Danish or Norwegian model. But we can establish that Sweden at least needs to review this," says Österlund.
Four barriers to a circular electronics industry
Through ReLoop Electronics, industry and academia are now mapping the barriers and shaping a common path forward. Svensk Elektronik has identified four key challenges.
The first is product design. Much of today's electronics is encapsulated, glued or moulded to withstand moisture and vibration – making components difficult to disassemble and reuse. "Products need to be designed for circularity. And designed to be disassembled – perhaps by robots," says Österlund.
The second is the absence of systems that capture the full value of components beyond their raw material content. Return systems for metal recovery exist, but systems for reusing components and materials at a higher level — something Norway has made more progress on – are largely missing.
The third is traceability. For a component to be reused, a buyer needs to know its age, condition and material composition – information that is often unavailable today. The EU's planned digital product passport is seen as an important piece of that puzzle.
The fourth is profitability. Circularity cannot only be a cost question – it must create a real incentive for buyers to demand circular products. Without that demand signal, the business models cannot become commercially viable.
The status quo analysis currently underway within ReLoop Electronics is mapping exactly these challenges — from product design and traceability to the absence of return systems and clear policy instruments. The goal is to understand where the Swedish electronics industry actually stands today, and from there to develop concrete guidelines and a roadmap for how the transition to more circular production can gain real momentum.
The results and the project's next steps will be presented by Elisabet Österlund, Secretary General of Svensk Elektronik, at Evertiq Expo Gothenburg on September 17.
From manufacturing and design to supply chains and emerging technologies, the electronics industry never stands still. Meet the people driving it forward at the upcoming Evertiq Expo events. The next stop is Evertiq Expo Gothenburg on September 17, where industry professionals gather to exchange knowledge, discover new solutions and build valuable business connections.
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